Assessment of heavy metal pollution of coastal waters off the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula using algae as bioindicators
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Abstract
Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni concentrations were measured in brown algae [Sargassum miyabei Yendo and S. pallidum (Turner) C. Agardh] and green algae [Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin, Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, and U. linza Linnaeus] sampled in July 2017 in coastal waters off the city of Vladivostok, Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, Sea of Japan. Heavy metal concentrations in algae were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after thalli mineralization with nitric acid. Dissolved trace elements in seawater were measured by ultrafiltration of water samples and CHCl3–DDTK-Na method. The degree of pollution in various areas of the coastal zone was assessed applying the hazard coefficient for algae (KH). It was calculated as the ratio of metal concentration in an alga to the upper threshold level of background concentrations of the element. Also, integral Trace Element Pollution Index (TEPI-threshold) was applied using KH ≥ 1. Coastal waters off Vladivostok were slightly polluted by heavy metals. At stations located north and south from a solid waste landfill, TEPI-threshold was 2.4–2.8 due to pollution by Pb and Cu (2.7–12 Cthreshold), as well as Zn, Fe, Mn, and Ni. Algae from upper areas of the Amur and Ussuri bays were Fe- and Mn-enriched because of river discharge; TEPI-threshold was 1.7–3.0. Macrophytes of the Eastern Bosphorus Strait were polluted by Fe (3–10 Cthreshold), as well as Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni (1–1.5 Cthreshold), which results from port activities, shipping, and construction of bridges; TEPI-threshold was 1.0–2.1. Off the eastern coast of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, there was a local zone of high-degree pollution formed due to rainwater drainage from the reclaimed solid waste landfill in Vladivostok; TEPI-threshold was 16. Out of heavy metals studied, Fe and Cu were main pollutants at this station (KH > 80 in algae), while Pb, Mn, Zn, and Ni were co-pollutants. In seawater at this station, concentrations of dissolved elements exceeded the background levels, and pollution by Cu was equal to 3MPL for fishery reservoirs.
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References
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