Some features of distribution and population structure of Pseudocalanus acuspes (Giesbrecht, 1881) (Copepoda, Crustacea) in the southeastern Baltic Sea
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Abstract
Based on plankton samples collected in the southeastern Baltic Sea (SEB) during research cruises of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of RAS, the occurrence, spatial distribution, and size and age structure of the key copepod species, Pseudocalanus acuspes, were studied. The current state of the P. acuspes population in the SEB remains insufficiently described. Sampling was carried out with a WP2 plankton net (Ø = 56 cm, mesh size of 100 µm) in different seasons by vertical stratified haul method. The size and age structure of the P. acuspes population was evaluated under microscopes, and specimens were measured from the anterior margin of the cephalothorax to the tip of the caudal rami. Quantitative indicators, especially abundance, were 10-fold higher in the early spring than in summer and autumn. There was a direct positive correlation between the species abundance and salinity of the bottom water layer in the SEB. On the slope of Gdansk Deep, the highest abundance and biomass of this crustacean were noted, while in the coastal zone (down to a depth of 30 m), the species was practically not found, with the exception of single nauplii. Features of the vertical distribution were revealed: in spring and autumn, abundance and biomass of P. acuspes were the highest in a water layer below the halocline upper boundary, whereas in summer, in a cold intermediate layer. In different years and seasons, its population was represented by all developmental stages: juveniles (nauplii and copepodites) and adult individuals, mainly females. The proportion of nauplii was the highest in early spring (70% on average). It indicates active reproduction during this season, at water temperature of +4…+7 °C preferred by this arctic species. The size of adult individuals ranged 1.03 to 1.63 mm, and P. acuspes were smaller than copepods of other reported populations inhabiting various areas of the World Ocean.
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References
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