Preliminary results of the comprehensive assessment of contamination and toxic effects of bottom sediments in shallow bights of Amur Bay (Sea of Japan)
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Abstract
In August 2023, surface bottom sediments (top 5-cm layer) were sampled in three bights of Amur Bay: Melkovodnaya Bight (V1), Kruglaya Bight (V2) (both within Voevoda Bight), and Uglovoy Bight (U1). Despite being neighboring bays, V1 and V2 differ significantly in granulometric composition and distribution of both heavy metal concentration and organic carbon content. Elevated levels of heavy metals and organic carbon were revealed in Kruglaya Bight (at station V2). In its bottom sediments, values of the enrichment factor (EF) for each analyzed metal, except for Co, exceeded levels attributable to natural weathering processes. A high level of enrichment was registered for Cd (EF = 24.08); a moderately high one, for Cu (EF = 6.15) and Pb (EF = 5.51); and a moderate one, for Ni, Zn, and Cr (EF accounted for 4.5, 4.3, and 3.21, respectively). The calculation of the modified degree of contamination index (mCd) showed a moderate degree of contamination at sta. V2 (mCd = 4.38). In bottom sediments from sta. V1, most metals were characterized by a low level of enrichment, except for Cd, with its moderate level (EF = 4.07). EF values for bottom sediments from sta. U1 were significantly below 1.5 providing evidence for the natural-origin input of heavy metals from weathering processes. In the studied bays, biotesting was carried out for the first time, with larvae of the sea urchin Scaphechinus mirabilis serving as a test object. During bioassays, the highest abundance of abnormally developed larvae was found at sta. V2. In aqueous extracts of bottom sediments from sta. V2, none of larvae reached the gastrula stage, and the value of the integral toxicity index (ITI) was 9.84 points. In aqueous extracts from sta. V1 and U1, normally developed larvae at the late gastrula stage predominated 18 h after the start of the experiment. In extracts of bottom sediments from Melkovodnaya Bight (sta. V1), the overwhelming majority of larvae developed with severe morphological abnormalities. Larvae at the prism and early pluteus stages were characterized by poorly developed skeletal rods or their lack. Moreover, we found exoforms of larvae with no intestine in their body cavity (it was protruded outward). ITI for bottom sediments from sta. V1 (7.72 points) was twice as high as for samples from sta. U1 (3.5 points). The obtained data indicate that the accumulation of heavy metals in Kruglaya Bight is driven by a combination of factors. In their turn, high concentrations of heavy metals and organic carbon may mediate the formation of unfavorable conditions for benthic organisms.
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References
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