Ecosystem health: A concept, methodological approaches, and assessment criteria
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Abstract
Increasing anthropogenic load on aquatic ecosystems threatens environmental safety. In this regard, it is important to apply the ecosystem approach to the exploitation of natural resources in order to develop integrated regulatory environmental measures. The term “ecosystem health” is commonly used in assessment of the ecological state of water areas by representatives of foreign scientific communities (HELCOM, ICES, OSPAR, and MEDPOL), but it is not widespread among domestic researchers. The concept of “ecosystem health” is not a new paradigm. Specifically, it is the subject of discussion in the scientific literature since the early 2000s and the issue enshrined in long-term documents of the European Union and the EU Water Framework Directive on environmental preservation strategy. Based on a review of existing literature data, this article presents the principal concepts, approaches, and criteria for assessing the ecological state (health) of aquatic ecosystems. As emphasized, the assessment of the ecosystem health depends on goals and objectives of environmental research, and those are related to applied methodology and, accordingly, to selection of methods and indicators of the ecosystem state. The paper discusses the concept of “organism’s health” and several its attributes: homeostasis maintenance, cause-and-effect relationships in the health–disease continuum, and functional adaptations. Several approaches for assessing the health of rivers and marine areas are compared. Various indicators, complex indices, and biomarkers of exposure and effects are considered which reflect the susceptibility of aquatic ecosystems to changes resulting from natural and anthropogenic load. Attention is drawn to the need for applying the integrated ecosystem approach in the analysis of the aquatic ecosystem state: this will contribute to holistic assessment of the consequences of human activity on the ecosystem integrity. Based on the experience of the BONUS+/BEAST project, a comprehensive biomarker approach is presented to determining the health of bioindicators with subsequent interpretation of data on the health status of the ecosystems these organisms inhabit. The authors hope that the review will be of interest to both specialists in ecology of aquatic ecosystems and representatives of environmental organizations steeped in ecological expertise.
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References
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