Virioplankton and viral infection of bacteria in the northeastern Kara Sea in the area of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago (Arctic)
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Abstract
Virioplankton structure and virus-induced mortality of bacteria in the northeastern Kara Sea were studied during the cruise of the RV “Professor Molchanov” within the framework of the Arctic Archipelagoes–2019 program. The material was obtained from August 22 to 31, 2019, in the area of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, the area of the middle shelf between Wiese Island and Ushakov Island, and in the outer shelf – continental slope section. In the analyzed waters, the abundance of bacteria (NB) varied from 0.24 · 105 to 5.15 · 105 cells·mL−1, and the abundance of free viruses (NVF) varied from 15.41 · 105 to 64.72 · 105 viruses·mL−1. The NB/NVF ratio varied from 6.9 to 89.7, averaging 14.6 ± 6.2 in the coastal waters of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago and 56.9 ± 23.3 in the open waters of the shelf and continental slope. A strong positive correlation was observed between NVF and NB (R = 0.72, n = 23, and p < 0.05). In all studied water areas, tailless viruses predominated among free viruses. In the waters adjacent to the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, the mean diameter of virus capsids [(42 ± 5) nm] was less than that in open waters [(50 ± 5) nm]. In addition to free viruses, virioplankton contained viruses attached to bacterial cells and to the smallest suspended particles. Free viruses predominated in all water samples, but their proportion in the total virioplankton abundance in coastal waters [(86.4 ± 9.3) %] was lower than that in open waters [(94.3 ± 5.0) %]. The frequency of visible virus-infected bacterial cells (FVIC), i. e., the proportion of cells containing mature phages in the total bacterial abundance, varied from 0.8 to 3.9% NB, averaging (1.6 ± 0.7) % NB for all samples. A strong positive correlation was found between FVIC and bacterial production (R = 0.69, n = 23, and p < 0.05). Bacterial mortality due to viral lysis ranged from 6.1 to 39.2% of bacterial production, averaging (13.8 ± 7.9) % for the studied area of the Kara Sea. The survey shows that in the coastal and open waters of the northeastern Kara Sea, in autumn, viruses are an important component of the planktonic microbial community, and viral lysis significantly affects the mortality of planktonic bacteria.
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References
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